In a recent X post dated September 12, Buterin emphasized that from next year. He will publicly endorse only those L2 networks that meet or exceed this threshold.
He stressed that personal investments or friendships will not sway his stance—it’s “stage 1 or bust”. Let’s explore more about the opinion of Buterin about Layer-2 Projects.
Buterin Sets ‘Stage 1’ Benchmark for Layer-2 Projects
Buterin’s criteria for L2 decentralization are part of a framework he introduced in 2022. Outlining a progression through three distinct stages.
Source: X
The framework is designed to guide the evolution of rollup projects from initial deployment to full decentralization:
- Stage 0, or “full training wheels,” describes a rollup project where all transactions are recorded on-chain. This allows users to interact and withdraw without operator intervention. However, these projects rely on a simple multi-signature wallet for control and do not incorporate fraud or validity proofs.
- Stage 1 is the minimum level that Buterin will acknowledge going forward. At this stage, L2 solutions must implement active fraud-proof or validity-proof schemes and include a multi-signature-based override mechanism, also known as a “security council.” This council must consist of at least six out of eight signatories and be independent of the roll-up organization. Additionally, upgrades must have a seven-day delay to ensure stability and security.
The final milestone is Stage 2, or “no training wheels,” where no group has the authority to override the code output if it is bug-free. At this stage, the use of security councils is highly restricted and only allowed for clear bug fixes, with a 30-day upgrade activation delay.
Buterin’s comments highlight a shift away from what he terms “glorified multisigs” toward a more rigorous standard of cryptographic trust. Many zero-knowledge rollup teams have indicated they aim to reach Stage 1 by the end of the year, and Buterin has expressed excitement about this progress.
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