Strategy retained billions in stock issuance capacity and flexible cash, but weaker market valuation has raised doubts about funding future Bitcoin buys.


Ether gained 70% in Q3, ahead of bitcoin’s 42%, but its order book depth fell sharply compared with a year earlier.

Tether and Circle added about $200 billion in Treasury and repo holdings, but the assets do not directly replace China at the long end.

Schnabel outlined three models for putting central bank money onchain, each with a different balance between native tokenisation and existing infrastructure.